If you’re seriously ill and can’t communicate your wishes about medical care, a living will can help ensure you get the care you want. A living will is an important part of advance care planning, which involves discussing and preparing for future health care decisions in the event you can’t make them. These decisions are often put into legal documents called advance directives. A living will is one of the most common types of advance directives. The other common advance directive is called a durable power of attorney for health care, which names a person (called a health care proxy) who can make decisions on your behalf.

What is a living will?

A living will is a legal document that tells doctors how you want to be treated if you cannot make your own decisions about emergency treatment. In a living will, you can say which common medical treatments or care you would want, which ones you would want to avoid, and under which conditions each of your choices applies.

This is different than a will, which provides legal guidance about a person’s estate — their property and financial assets — as well as care for a child or adult dependents, gifts, and end-of-life arrangements such as a funeral or memorial service and burial or cremation.

What kinds of decisions are covered in a living will?

Through a living will, you can share your preferences about the use of emergency treatments to keep you alive. You should also talk with your health care proxy about your choices. Decisions that might come up at this time relate to:

• CPR. This procedure tries to restore your heartbeat if your heart stops or is in a life-threatening abnormal rhythm. It involves repeatedly pushing on the chest with force, while putting air into the lungs. This force can sometimes break a person’s ribs. Electric shocks, known as defibrillation, and medicines might also be used as part of the process. The heart of a young, otherwise healthy person might resume beating normally, but CPR is less likely to work among older adults who have chronic medical conditions or are hospitalized with a serious illness.
• Ventilators. If you are not able to breathe adequately, you may need a ventilator, a machine that uses a tube in the throat to push air into the lungs to help you breathe. Inserting the tube down the throat is called intubation. Intubation can be very uncomfortable, so medicine is often used to keep the person sedated. If you are expected to remain on a ventilator for a long time, a doctor may insert the tube directly into your trachea (a part of the throat) through a hole in the neck. This is called a tracheotomy. For long-term help with breathing, this procedure makes it more comfortable. People who have had a tracheotomy need additional help to speak.
• Pacemakers and ICDs. Some people have pacemakers to help their hearts beat regularly. If you have one and are near death, it may not necessarily keep you alive. Some people have an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) that will shock the heart back into regular beats if the rhythm becomes irregular. If you decline other life-sustaining measures, the ICD may be turned off. You should state in your advance directives what you want done if a doctor suggests it is time to turn it off.
• Artificial nutrition and hydration. If you are not able to eat or drink, fluids and nutrients may be delivered into a vein through an IV or through a feeding tube. A feeding tube that is needed for a short time goes through the nose and esophagus into the stomach. If a feeding tube is needed for an extended period, it may be surgically inserted directly into the stomach through the skin of the abdomen. Hand feeding (sometimes called assisted oral feeding) is an alternative to tube feeding. This approach may have fewer risks, especially for people with dementia. Artificial nutrition and hydration can be helpful if you are recovering from an illness. However, studies have shown that artificial nutrition toward the end of life does not meaningfully prolong life.

In your living will, you may also choose to document other preferences that are important to you, such as organ and tissue donation and brain donation.

How do you prepare a living will?

Preparing a living will often involves the following steps:

• Reflect on what matters most at the end of life. Many people begin the process by thinking about their values and wishes. For example, if your heart stops or you have trouble breathing, would you want to undergo lifesaving measures if it meant that, in the future, you could be well enough to spend time with your family? For some people, staying alive as long as medically possible, or long enough to experience an important family event, is the most important goal. Other individuals have a clear idea about when they would no longer want to prolong their lives. Reflecting on what matters most to you can help you decide on the types of care and treatment options you want to include in your living will.
• Talk to a doctor. Talking with a doctor about advance care planning is covered by Medicare as part of your annual wellness visit. If you have private health insurance, check with your insurance provider. Talking with one or more health care providers can help you learn about your current health and the kinds of decisions that are likely to come up. For example, you might ask about the decisions you or your family may face if your high blood pressure leads to a stroke. You can ask a doctor to help you understand and think through your choices before you put them in writing. If it makes you more comfortable, you can also ask your health care proxy to come to your appointment with you.
• Complete your living will form. You can find, download, and print free advance directive forms for your state. You may need to have your form witnessed or notarized, so be sure to read the directions closely. Once you’ve completed your form, store it in a safe place and give copies to your proxy and health care provider.
• Update your living will regularly. Remember: You may feel differently as time goes on. You should update your living will at least once each year and after any major life event, like a divorce or move.

Ready to get started? Learn where to find advance directive forms in your state.

Having a stroke is just as serious as having a heart attack. So, it’s important to know the signs of stroke and act quickly if you suspect you or someone you know is having one. Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is the number one cause of serious adult disability. Stroke risk increases with age, but strokes can — and do — occur at any age. The good news is that most strokes can be prevented, and there are steps you can take that may lower your chance of having a stroke.

Know the signs of stroke

Knowing the symptoms of a stroke and acting quickly could mean the difference between life and disability or death. If you delay getting help, the risk of permanent damage or death increases greatly.

Even if the symptoms don’t last long, they may still be a sign of stroke. Call 911 right away if you or someone you know has any of these symptoms:

• Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg — especially on one side of the body
• Sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding speech
• Sudden problems seeing in one eye or both eyes
• Sudden dizziness, loss of balance or coordination, or trouble walking
• Sudden severe headache with no known cause

Other danger signs that may occur include double vision, drowsiness, and nausea or vomiting. Stroke strikes fast. Responding quickly when you notice any of these symptoms is key.

Do not drive yourself to the hospital and don’t ask someone else to drive you. Call 911 for an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin lifesaving treatment on the way to the emergency room.

What is a stroke?

A stroke happens when there’s a change in how blood flows through the brain. Blood brings oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. If blood can’t flow to a part of the brain, cells that do not receive enough oxygen suffer and eventually die. If brain cells are without oxygen for only a short time, they can sometimes repair themselves. However, once brain cells die, they can’t be repaired. While there is growing evidence that, in some cases, new brain cells help to replace those lost, this takes time and occurs much more slowly in older adults. As a result, someone who has had a stroke may have trouble speaking, thinking, or walking.

There are two major types of strokes:

• Ischemic stroke: This is the most common stroke and happens when a blood clot or the narrowing of a blood vessel (artery) reduces blood flow to the brain. This keeps blood from flowing into other parts of the brain and stops oxygen and nutrients from reaching brain cells. Ischemic strokes are commonly caused by:
  • Thrombosis: a clot that forms in a blood vessel of the brain or neck
  • Embolism: a clot that moves from another part of the body, such as from the heart to the neck or brain
  • Stenosis: when a blood vessel in the brain narrows, typically due to fatty deposits lining the walls of the artery
• Hemorrhagic stroke: This is the second major kind of stroke. It’s marked by a burst blood vessel that causes blood to leak into or around the brain. This break reduces delivery of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells and exposes the brain tissue to toxic substances that may cause the cells to die. The bleeding also increases pressure inside the skull that can compress brain tissue and cause damage.

Sometimes the symptoms of a stroke last for a short time (minutes to hours) and then go away. This is called a transient ischemic attack (TIA), a mini-stroke, or a warning stroke. TIA is also a medical emergency. You must call 911 and get medical help right away. If a TIA is not treated quickly, it could be followed by a major stroke within hours or days.

The earlier someone with a stroke arrives at the hospital, the more likely they are to receive effective treatment. Don’t delay if you or someone you know experiences any symptoms.

Lower your risk of stroke

Some risk factors for stroke, such as age, race and ethnicity, and family history, can’t be controlled. But there are steps you can take to help lower your risk, including:

• Control high blood pressure. Regularly check your blood pressure. If it is high, follow a doctor’s advice on how to lower it. Treating high blood pressure lowers the risk of both stroke and heart disease.
• Don’t smoke. Smoking increases your risk for stroke. It’s never too late to quit.
• Control your cholesterol. High blood cholesterol levels can lead to plaque buildup in your arteries. In time, this can block blood flow and lead to a stroke. If you have high cholesterol, work with a doctor to lower it.
• Control your diabetes. Untreated diabetes can damage blood vessels and lead to narrowed arteries and stroke. Follow a doctor’s suggestions for keeping diabetes under control.
• Eat healthy foods. Eat foods that are low in cholesterol and saturated fats. Include a variety of fruits and vegetables every day.
• Exercise regularly. Try to make physical activity a part of your everyday life. Do things you like; for example, take a brisk walk, ride a bicycle, or go swimming. Talk with your health care provider if you haven’t been exercising and you want to start an exercise program or increase your physical activity.
• Manage blood thinners. Too much blood thinning medication, such as aspirin or anticoagulants, can lead to bleeding. If you take these medications, a doctor can help to ensure your dosage is correct.

If you’ve had a stroke or heart attack in the past, you’re at a higher risk for another stroke. Talk with your doctor about ways to reduce your risk.

Diagnosing and treating stroke

Get to the hospital right away to be evaluated and receive treatment because ALL strokes benefit from immediate medical treatment.

A doctor will diagnose a stroke based on symptoms, medical history, a physical exam, and medical tests such as a CT scan. A CT scan is a test that lets doctors see detailed images of the brain that can show bleeding or other abnormalities.

Treatment depends on the type of stroke and may include medications, surgery, other procedures, and rehabilitation.

• Ischemic stroke treatments: Drug therapy is the most common treatment for strokes caused by a blood clot. The two most common drug therapies for stroke are:
  • Antithrombotics, which prevent the formation of new blood clots that can become stuck in an artery of the brain and cause strokes. This group of drugs includes antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs, also called blood thinners. They help stop cells and other factors in the blood from sticking together and forming blood clots.
  • Thrombolytics, whichtreat the stroke by dissolving the blood clot that is blocking blood flow to the brain. The most commonly used drug for thrombolytic therapy is called tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), but other drugs can do the same thing. Starting treatment with t-PA within three hours after an ischemic stroke is important for recovery. Getting to a hospital right away allows time for a CT scan of the brain, which helps the doctor decide whether the clot-busting medicine is the right treatment choice.
• Hemorrhagic stroke treatments: Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke involves finding the source of the bleeding and controlling it. Hemorrhagic strokes get worse with thrombolytic medications, so it is essential to determine the type of stroke before starting emergency treatment. Hemorrhagic strokes require surgery or other procedures to stop the bleeding and relieve any pressure on the brain caused by the excess fluid.

Surgery and vascular procedures are also often used to prevent stroke, reduce the risk of having another stroke, or repair damage to the arteries or malformations in and around the brain. These include:

• Angioplasty: The insertion and inflation of a small balloon within a blocked artery to press plaque or a blood clot against the artery wall to improve blood flow.
• Stenting: The placement of a small metal tunnel, or stent, in the clogged artery. The stent helps to keep the artery open and decrease the chance of it narrowing again.
• Carotid endarterectomy: A surgical procedure in which a doctor removes fatty deposits blocking one of the two carotid arteries, the main suppliers of blood for the brain.
• Endovascular thrombectomy: The removal of a large clot using a special device that can suction out or grab a clot and pull it out.

What happens after a stroke?

A stroke can cause a variety of health problems. How a stroke affects a person depends on which part of the brain is damaged. Someone who has had a stroke might be paralyzed or have weakness, usually on one side of the body. He or she might have trouble speaking or using words. There could be swallowing problems, pain, or numbness.

Stroke may cause problems with thinking, awareness, attention, learning, judgment, and memory. Fatigue after a stroke is common. Someone who has had a stroke might feel depressed or find it hard to control emotions. This is more than general sadness: It’s a serious mood disorder that may need treatment. If depression is a concern, talk to a doctor as soon as possible. Call or text the 24-hour 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or 800-273-TALK (800-273-8255). For TTY, use your preferred relay service or dial 711 then 988.

Rehabilitation from stroke

There are many different ways to help people get better after a stroke. Many treatments start in the hospital and continue at home. By supporting the brain’s ability to rewire some of the circuits lost after a stroke — a process called neuroplasticity — rehabilitation therapy may lead to some improved function over months or years.

• Physical therapy: Helps a person relearn simple motor activities such as walking, sitting, standing, lying down, and the process of switching from one type of movement to another.
• Occupational therapy: Helps a person relearn everyday activities, such as eating, drinking, and swallowing; bathing and dressing; cooking; reading and writing; and using the toilet. Using exercise and training activities, occupational therapists focus on helping a person become independent or semi-independent.
• Speech therapy: Helps a person relearn language and speaking skills or learn other forms of communication. With time and patience, a stroke survivor may be able to regain some, and sometimes all, language and speaking abilities.

Each person’s stroke recovery journey is unique. Rehabilitation results and recovery time depend on many factors, including severity of the brain damage, age, and the management of other physical health conditions. For example, during rehabilitation, steps should be taken to prevent the development of new medical problems, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, injury due to a fall, or a clot formation in large veins.

Overall, the sooner stroke rehabilitation therapy begins, the better the chances are for a person to regain function. Supportive family, friends, and social networks can help the person recovering from stroke cope with their emotions and also help coordinate therapy, which can extend over a long period of time.

Research to reduce stroke risk and improve rehabilitation

Scientists are working to develop better treatments and strategies to prevent, detect, and improve stroke rehabilitation outcomes. Both people who have experienced a stroke and those who haven’t may be eligible to participate in research.

Talk with a doctor if you’re interested in joining a stroke research study or visit www.clinicaltrials.gov to find a study near you or online.

Osteoporosis weakens bones to the point that they can break easily. It is called a “silent disease” because people who develop it may not notice any changes until a bone breaks — usually a bone in the hip, spine, or wrist.

Bones are made of living tissue. To keep them strong, a healthy human body breaks down old bone and replaces it with new bone. Osteoporosis develops when more bone is broken down than replaced.

The inside of a bone looks something like a honeycomb. When someone has osteoporosis, the bone, which forms the “walls” of the honeycomb, get smaller, and the spaces between the bone grow larger. The outer shell of the bone also gets thinner. All of this makes a bone weaker.

In serious cases of osteoporosis, a simple motion such as a cough or minor bump can result in a broken bone, also called a fracture. People with osteoporosis also have a harder time recovering from broken bones, which can sometimes cause pain that does not go away. Broken hip and spine bones are especially serious, as these injuries can cause older adults to lose their mobility and independence.

Who is at risk for osteoporosis?

While people of all races and ethnic groups can develop osteoporosis, certain groups are more likely to develop the disease. Osteoporosis affects about one in five women over age 50, but only one in 20 men. Among women, those of White and Asian descent are more likely to develop osteoporosis. Other risk factors for osteoporosis include:

• A family history of broken bones or osteoporosis
• History of a broken bone after age 50
• Previous surgery to remove the ovaries before menstruation periods stopped naturally
• Poor dietary habits, including insufficient amounts of calcium and/or vitamin D or protein
• Physical inactivity or prolonged periods of bedrest
• Smoking cigarettes
• Heavy use of alcohol
• Long-term use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, and antiepileptic medications
• Altered levels of hormones, such as too much thyroid hormone, too little estrogen in women, or too little testosterone in men.
• Low body mass index or underweight

The risk of developing osteoporosis increases as people grow older. At the time of menopause, women may lose bone mass quickly for several years. After that, the loss slows down but continues. In men, the loss of bone mass is slower. By age 65 or 70, men and women lose bone mass at the same rate.

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Osteoporosis rarely has any symptoms. In fact, some people may not notice any changes until a minor bump or fall causes a bone to break. Don’t wait for a potential accident to determine if you have osteoporosis.

If you are a woman over age 65, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that you get tested for osteoporosis. Women younger than 65 who are at greater risk should also get tested. The task force does not recommend regular screening for men. Men lose bone density more slowly than women but should still be aware of the possibility of developing osteoporosis. Older men who break a bone easily or who are at risk for osteoporosis should talk with their doctor about testing and treatment.

Health care providers can measure how strong bones are with a bone density scan. This test compares a person’s bone density to the bones of an average healthy young adult. The test result, known as a T-score, indicates whether a person has osteoporosis or osteopenia, which is low bone density that’s not as severe as osteoporosis. Your doctor may also use other screening tools, including questionnaires, physical exams, and ultrasounds, to predict your risk of having low bone density or breaking a bone.

How is osteoporosis treated?

Treating osteoporosis means slowing or stopping the bone loss to prevent breaks. If your test results show that you have osteoporosis or bone density below a certain level and you have other risk factors for fractures, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes and medications to lower your chances of breaking a bone.

The same healthy lifestyle choices that help prevent osteoporosis can be used to treat it. These include exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet. However, lifestyle changes may not be enough if you have lost a lot of bone density. There are also several medications to consider. Some can slow your bone loss and others can help rebuild bone.

Medications that slow down bone loss include bisphosphonates, calcitonin, RANKL blockers, estrogen, and drugs that change how estrogen acts in the body.

Medications that help rebuild bone include a synthetic version of the parathyroid hormone and drugs that inhibit a protein called sclerostin.

Talk with your doctor to see if there is a medication that can help you manage your osteoporosis.

In addition to managing your osteoporosis, it’s important to avoid activities that may cause a fracture. Such activities include movements that involve twisting your spine, like swinging a golf club, or bending forward from the waist, like sit ups and toe touches.

You can also help reduce the risk of breaking a bone by preventing falls. For individuals with weakened bones, falling is more likely to cause a fracture. Additionally, broken bones in people with osteoporosis may not heal properly and could cause persistent pain, leading to a loss of mobility and independence.

How can I keep my bones strong as I age?

There are things you can do at any age to prevent weakened bones. Here are some tips:

• Eat foods that support bone health. Get enough calcium, vitamin D, and protein each day. Low-fat dairy; leafy green vegetables; fish; and fortified juices, milk, and grains are good sources of calcium. If your vitamin D level is low, talk with your doctor about taking a supplement.
• Get active. Choose weight-bearing exercise, such as strength training, walking, hiking, jogging, climbing stairs, tennis, and dancing. This type of physical activity can help build and strengthen your bones.
• Don’t smoke. Smoking increases your risk of weakened bones. If you do smoke, here are tips for how to quit smoking.
• Limit alcohol consumption. Too much alcohol can harm your bones. Drink in moderation or not at all. Learn more about alcohol and aging.

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/osteoporosis/osteoporosis.

As you age, it is normal to notice changes in your vision. A few common changes for older adults include:

• Losing the ability to see up close
• Having trouble distinguishing colors, such as blue from black
• Needing more time to adjust to changing levels of light

These problems are often easily corrected. Glasses, contact lenses, and improved lighting may help and enable you to maintain your lifestyle and independence.

Your risk for some eye diseases and conditions increases as you grow older, and some eye changes are more serious. Keep your eyes as healthy as possible by getting regular eye exams so any problems can be spotted early.

What can you do to protect your vision?

Have your eyes checked regularly by an eye care professional — either an ophthalmologist or optometrist. Finding and treating any problems early can help protect your vision and prevent vision loss. Make a list of your questions and concerns to share with the doctor. Tell them which medications you are taking. Some can affect your eyes.

Normal changes in the aging eye usually do not harm your vision. However, sometimes they can be signs of a more serious problem. For example, your eyes may leak tears. This can happen with light sensitivity, wind, or temperature changes. Sunglasses and eye drops may help. Sometimes, leaking tears may be a symptom of dry eye or sign of an infection or blocked tear duct. Your eye care professional can treat these problems.

Many people don’t notice any signs or symptoms in the early stages of eye diseases. A dilated eye exam performed by an eye care professional is the only way to find some common eye diseases while they’re easier to treat — and before they cause vision loss. Everyone over age 50 should have a dilated eye exam every year or as recommended by your eye care professional, even if you have good vision and don’t wear contacts or glasses. After age 60, you should get a dilated eye exam every year or two. Most people with diabetes or high blood pressure need to get a dilated exam at least once a year.

During this exam, the eye care professional will put drops in your eyes to widen (dilate) your pupils so that he or she can better see inside each eye. Your vision may be blurry after the exam, and your eyes may be more sensitive to light. This only lasts a few hours. Make plans for someone else to drive you home.

If you wear glasses or contact lenses, get your prescription checked, too. Even small changes in sight can increase your risk for falls and injuries. It’s important to use the proper prescription glasses or contact lenses.

See your primary health care provider regularly to check for diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. These diseases can cause eye problems if not controlled or treated.

Eye diseases and conditions

The following eye problems can lead to vision loss and blindness in older adults. They may have few or no early symptoms. Regular eye exams are your best protection. If your eye care professional finds a problem early, often there are things you can do to protect your vision.

• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can harm the sharp, central vision needed to see objects clearly and to do common things like driving and reading. Your eye care professional will ask about your family history and look for signs of AMD during a dilated eye exam. Treatments are available, and special dietary supplements can help lower your chance of it getting worse.
• Diabetic retinopathy may occur if you have diabetes. It develops slowly, often with no early warning signs. If you have diabetes, be sure to have a dilated eye exam at least once a year. Keeping your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol under control can prevent diabetic retinopathy or slow its progress in early stages. Laser surgery in later stages can sometimes prevent it from getting worse.
• Cataracts are cloudy areas in the eye’s lens causing blurred or hazy vision. Some cataracts stay small and don’t change your eyesight much. Others become large and reduce vision. Cataract surgery can restore good vision and is a safe and common treatment. If you have a cataract, your eye care professional will watch for changes over time to see if you would benefit from surgery.
• Glaucoma is usually caused by too much fluid pressure inside the eye. If not treated, it can lead to vision loss and blindness. People with glaucoma often have no early symptoms or pain. You can help protect yourself by having dilated eye exams yearly. Glaucoma can be treated with prescription eye drops, lasers, or surgery.
• Dry eye occurs when tear glands don’t work well. You may feel stinging or burning, a sandy feeling as if something is in the eye, or other discomfort. Dry eye is common as people get older, especially for women. Your eye care professional may tell you to use a home humidifier or air purifier, special eye drops (artificial tears), or ointments to treat dry eye. For more severe cases, treatment options might include prescription medication, tear duct plugs, or surgery.

What is low vision?

Low vision means you cannot fix your eyesight with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. Low vision affects some people as they age. You may have low vision if you:

• Can’t see well enough to do everyday tasks like reading or cooking
• Have difficulty recognizing the faces of your friends or family
• Have trouble reading street signs
• Find that lights don’t seem as bright

If you have any of these problems, ask your eye care professional to test you for low vision.

Vision rehabilitation programs and special aids, such as a magnifying device, can help you adapt to vision loss and make the most of your remaining sight. There are also programs, such as the National Library Service, that link people who have low vision or visual disabilities to resources at no cost.

Remember to ask your eye doctor if it is safe for you to drive with your vision. If you have to stop driving, organizations in your area may be able to arrange rides for you, or public transportation may be available.

Other tips that may help:

• Brighten the lighting in your room.
• Write with bold, black felt-tip markers.
• Use paper with bold lines to help you write in a straight line.
• Put colored tape on the edge of any stairs in your home to help you see them and prevent you from falling.
• Install dark-colored light switches and electrical outlets so that you can see them easily against light-colored walls.
• Use motion lights that turn on when you enter a room. These may help you avoid accidents caused by poor lighting.
• Use clocks with large numbers and phones with large screens; put large-print labels on the microwave and stove.

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/vision-and-vision-loss/aging-and-your-eyes.

Over time, people with Alzheimer’s disease will become less able to manage things around the home. For example, they may forget to turn off the oven or faucet, or even how to use the phone in an emergency. People with Alzheimer’s also may not see, smell, touch, hear, or taste things as they used to.

Caregivers can do many things to make the person’s home a safer place. The tips on this page cover a wide range of safety concerns that may arise — some may not apply to your current circumstances. It is important, however, to keep thinking about home safety as the person’s behavior and abilities change.

Creating a Safer Home for a Person with Alzheimer’s

Go through the house room by room to identify potential problems and safety issues. First, correct any immediate dangers, such as loose stair railings and poor lighting, and then work on other ways to ensure the person will be as safe as possible at home.

To prevent falls, mark the edges of steps with brightly colored tape so the person can see the steps as they go up or down stairs.

• Use brightly colored signs or simple pictures to label the bathroom, bedroom, and kitchen.
• Limit the size and number of mirrors in your home and be specific about where you put them. Mirror images may confuse a person with Alzheimer’s.
• Make the walls a lighter color than the floor to create contrast. Avoid busy patterns.
• Install safety latches on storage cabinets and drawers designated for breakable or dangerous items.
• Set the water heater to 120°F to avoid scalding tap water.
• Label hot-water faucets red and cold-water faucets blue and/or write the words “hot” and “cold” near them.
• Pad any sharp corners on your furniture or replace or remove furniture with sharp corners.
• Place decals at eye level on sliding glass doors, picture windows, or furniture with large glass panels to identify the glass pane.
• Consider a “NO SOLICITING” sign for the front gate or door.
• Use smoke detectors and natural gas detectors and check their functioning and batteries frequently. People with Alzheimer’s may not be able to smell smoke or an unlit gas stove.
• Install nightlights and/or automatic light sensors.
• List emergency phone numbers (such as ambulance, poison control, and doctors) and the person’s address near all phones.

Store potentially dangerous items in a locked area or remove them from the home. These items can include:

• Prescription and over-the-counter medicines
• Alcohol
• Cleaning and household products, including paint thinner, matches, rubbing alcohol, and laundry detergent pods
• Poisonous plants
• Guns and other weapons, scissors, knives, power tools, and machinery
• Gasoline cans and other flammable items

Learn basic first aid in case the person gets sick or injured. Learn the Heimlich maneuver and CPR, and when to use each. Check with your local hospital or American Red Cross chapter about health and safety classes.

Kitchen Safety

• Put signs near the oven, toaster, iron, and other things that get hot. The sign could say, “Stop!” or “Don’t Touch — Very Hot!” Be sure the sign is not so close that it could catch fire.
• Check foods in the refrigerator often. Throw out any that have gone bad.
• Add safety knobs and an automatic shut-off switch on the stove.
• Consider disconnecting the garbage disposal.
• Insert a drain trap in the kitchen sink to catch anything that may otherwise become lost or clog the plumbing.
• Remove artificial fruits and vegetables or food-shaped kitchen magnets, which may seem edible to the person with Alzheimer’s.

Bedroom Safety

• Use a room monitoring device (like those used for infants) to alert you to any sounds indicating a fall or other need for help during the night.
• Remove portable space heaters. If you use portable fans, be sure that objects cannot be placed in the blades.
• Be cautious if using electric mattress pads, electric blankets, electric sheets, and heating pads, all of which can cause burns and fires. Keep controls out of reach of the person with Alzheimer’s.
• Install bed rails and other transfer or mobility aids.

Bathroom Safety

• Remove small electrical appliances from the bathroom and cover electrical outlets.
• Put away or lock up items such as toothpaste, lotions, shampoos, soap, and perfume. They may look and smell like food to a person with Alzheimer’s.
• Install grab bars in the tub/shower. A grab bar in contrasting color to the wall is easier to see.
• Use a raised toilet seat with handrails or install grab bars beside the toilet.
• Place nonskid adhesive strips, decals, or mats in the tub and shower. If the bathroom is uncarpeted, consider placing these strips next to the tub, toilet, and sink.
• Use a foam rubber faucet cover in the tub, plastic shower stool, and hand-held shower head.

Find more information here: Alzheimer’s Caregiving: Bathing, Dressing, and Grooming.

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/safety/alzheimers-caregiving-home-safety-tips.

Each year, millions of people suffer from seasonal influenza, which is often called the flu. Flu is a respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs.

Flu is a mild illness for some people. But for others, including older adults and those with chronic (long-lasting) health conditions, the flu can be very serious and even life-threatening. Getting a flu vaccine every year can help prevent the flu. The vaccine is safe, effective, and available for little to no cost to you.

How serious is the flu?

Most people who get the flu feel better after a few days to two weeks. However, the flu can make you seriously ill. Some people develop other health issues, called complications, because of the flu. Complications can be mild, such as a sinus or ear infection, or more serious, like pneumonia.

Anyone can get sick from the flu, but some people are more likely to have complications. You are more at risk for flu and its complications if you:

• Are age 65 or older
• Have certain medical conditions such as asthma, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease
• Have heart disease or have had a stroke
• Live in a nursing home or other long-term care facility

Pregnant people and children younger than five years old are also more likely to get very sick from the flu. Flu vaccination is especially important for people in these higher-risk groups. Learn more about people at increased risk for flu and its complications.

Why is the flu more dangerous for older adults?

The flu is more dangerous for older adults for a few reasons. One reason is that the immune system — which helps your body fight infections — weakens as you age. For example, because your body is busy fighting off the flu, you might pick up a secondary infection such as pneumonia. A second reason is that older adults are also more likely to have other health conditions, like diabetes, that increase their risk for complications from the flu.

The good news is the flu vaccine reduces your risk of getting the flu and of getting seriously ill if you do get sick with the flu. Flu vaccination is especially helpful for people with chronic health conditions. For example, it has been linked to lower rates of heart problems (cardiac events) among people with heart disease and fewer hospitalizations among people who have chronic lung disease or diabetes. Learn more about the benefits of flu vaccination.

How does the flu spread?

The flu is contagious, which means it spreads from person to person. It mostly spreads through droplets in the air when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. It can spread from up to six feet away. Although it isn’t as common, the flu can also spread from surfaces — for example, if you touch something the virus is on and then touch your nose, mouth, or eyes.

It’s possible to spread the flu before you feel sick and when you have symptoms. Typically, people with the flu can spread it a day before, and up to a week after feeling sick. Young children and people with weakened immune systems may be able to spread the flu for even longer. If you or someone you know is sick with the flu, take steps to help prevent spreading the disease

Is it the flu, a cold, or COVID-19?

The common cold, flu, and COVID-19 are respiratory illnesses caused by different viruses. They can all cause similar symptoms. If you have symptoms, a health care provider can determine the cause of your illness and help you take steps to feel better.

A cold is often milder than the flu. The flu and COVID-19 have similar symptoms, but COVID-19 spreads more easily and symptoms tend to be more severe. It’s also more common to have a change in your sense of smell or taste with COVID-19.

People with the flu can have fever, chills, dry cough, general aches and pains, and a headache. They feel very tired. Sore throat, sneezing, stuffy nose, or stomach problems are less common. What some people call “stomach flu” is not influenza. Learn more about the differences between the flu and a cold and flu and COVID-19.

How can you prevent the flu?

The most effective way to prevent the flu is to get a flu vaccine every year. Everyone 6 months and older should get a flu vaccine. It makes it less likely that you will get the flu. It also reduces your chances of being hospitalized or dying if you do get sick with the flu.

In addition to getting your flu vaccine, you can help stop the spread of flu by:

• Washing your hands
• Covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze
• Avoiding touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
• Staying home when you are sick
• Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
• Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces at home, work, or school

Who should get a flu vaccine and which one should you choose?

You can get the flu at any time of year, but it’s most common in the fall and winter. It usually starts to spread in October and peaks between December and February. That’s why this time is called the flu season.

It takes at least two weeks for your flu vaccine to start working, so try to get vaccinated by the end of October. However, getting vaccinated after October can still help protect you from the flu. Because older adults may lose protection from a flu vaccine more quickly, try to avoid getting vaccinated too early (before September).

There are flu vaccines designed specifically for older adults. The CDC recommends that people age 65 and older receive a higher-dose flu vaccine or an adjuvanted flu vaccine (one with an additional ingredient called an adjuvant that helps create a stronger immune response). These vaccines are potentially more effective than the standard flu vaccine for people in this age group. Talk with a health care provider or pharmacist about which vaccine is best for you.

Where can you get a flu vaccine?

You can get your flu vaccine at a doctor’s office or from your local health department. Many grocery stores, drug stores, and pharmacies also offer flu vaccines. Visit Vaccines.gov to find a location near you.

Why do you need a flu vaccine every year?

You need a flu vaccine every year for two reasons. First, flu viruses change and the flu vaccine is updated each year to target the flu viruses that are anticipated to spread that year. Second, the protection you get from a flu vaccine lessens with time, especially in older adults. Getting your flu vaccine every fall gives you the best protection from that year’s flu viruses.

What are the side effects of flu vaccines?

The flu vaccine is safe and cannot give you the flu. Most people have no problems after getting a flu vaccine.

When side effects occur, they are generally mild and go away on their own. The most common side effects are soreness, redness, or swelling at the site where you got the shot. Some people also get a headache, fever, nausea, or muscle aches. These side effects start shortly after getting the vaccine and can last up to two days. They typically do not get in the way of daily activities.

If you have allergies, talk with a health care provider about your options for flu vaccines. Even people with mild egg allergies can safely get most flu vaccines. Egg-free flu vaccines are also available. You should not get vaccinated if you have had a severe allergic reaction to the flu vaccine in the past.

How much does getting a flu vaccine cost?

Most people can get a flu vaccine for little to no out-of-pocket cost. Medicare and most private health insurance plans will cover the cost of your flu vaccine. However, some insurance plans require that you receive your vaccine at a specific location. Check with your insurance company. If you do not have health insurance, contact your local or state health department.

What can you do if you get the flu?

If you get the flu, there are steps you can take to feel better. Act fast! First, talk with a health care provider. The flu and COVID-19 have similar symptoms, so you may need to get tested for an accurate diagnosis. This will also help determine which medications might make you feel better.

There are prescription drugs, called antivirals, that are used to treat people with the flu. If you take them within 48 hours after flu symptoms begin, these drugs can make you feel better more quickly. Antivirals can also help reduce your risk of complications from flu. Antibiotics do not help you recover from the flu. However, they are sometimes prescribed to treat a secondary infection if it is caused by bacteria. Bacteria are a different type of germ than viruses.

If you are sick, rest and drink plenty of fluids like juice and water, but not alcohol. Over-the-counter medicines, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, can bring down your fever and might help with the aches and pains.

It is important not to smoke if you are sick with the flu. It is a respiratory illness that can infect your lungs as well as your nasal passages. These same areas are also affected by smoking.

Monitor your symptoms and talk with a health care provider if you start feeling worse. For example, contact your provider right away if you:

• Have shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Feel weak, dizzy, or confused
• Develop ongoing pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
• Have a fever or cough that goes away and then comes back, which may be a sign of a secondary infection
• Experience worsening of other chronic health problems, such as asthma or heart disease
• Develop any other symptoms that worry you

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/flu/flu-and-older-adults.

find that certain foods aren’t as flavorful as they used to be. Changes in smell or taste can also be a sign of a larger health problem.

Your sense of smell

Smell is an important sense. Certain smells, such as your dad’s cologne, can help you recall a memory. Other smells, like smoke from a fire, can alert you to danger. When you can’t smell things you enjoy, such as your morning coffee or spring flowers, life may seem dull.
As you age, your sense of smell may fade. When you can’t smell, food may taste bland and it might be more difficult to tell if it has spoiled. You may experience trouble with cooking or even lose interest in eating. Long-term loss of smell can affect your mood and quality of life.

What can cause a loss of smell?

Many problems can cause a loss of smell that lasts for just a short time. These are some factors that can lead to a temporary loss of smell:

• A cold, flu, or sinus infection that causes a stuffy nose can make it difficult to smell. The ability to smell will come back when you’ve recovered.
• COVID-19 sometimes causes a new loss of smell, but the ability to smell usually returns once other symptoms have gone away. If you have long-term loss of smell from COVID-19, talk to your doctor about possible Long COVID.
• Allergies can affect the sense of smell. Try to avoid things you’re allergic to, such as pollen or pets. If you cannot avoid your triggers, talk to your doctor about ways to manage your allergies.
• A harmless growth (called a polyp) in the nose or sinuses can block airflow and cause a stuffy or runny nose. Having the growth removed by a surgeon may help.
• Some medications, such as antibiotics, can affect your ability to smell. If this happens, ask your doctor if there is another medicine you can take.
• Radiation, chemotherapy, and other cancer treatments can also affect smell. Your sense of smell may return when treatment stops.

Some injuries and illnesses can cause a long-lasting loss of smell. A head injury, for example, might damage the nerves related to smell. Losing your sense of smell may also be a sign of a more serious medical condition or neurodegenerative disease, a condition marked by the brain and nerves losing function over time, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease. Be sure to tell your doctor about any change in your sense of smell.

Smells can keep you safe

It’s important to be aware of odors around you. You must be able to detect smoke, gas leaks, spoiled food, and vapors from potentially dangerous household chemicals to keep yourself and other members of your household safe. Here are some tips that may help, especially if your sense of smell is not as good as it was when you were younger:

• Burnt food – use a timer to prevent food from burning since a diminished sense of smell may make it harder to notice.
• Smoke – check your smoke detectors regularly to make sure they work. People who have hearing loss or cognitive impairment may want to install special smok alarms that use lights or vibration.
• Gas leaks – make sure you have a carbon monoxide detector in your home.
• Spoiled food – check expiration dates and throw out food that’s been in the refrigerator or freezer too long. Learn more about how to keep food safe.
• Household chemicals – always ensure they are stored properly.

Your sense of taste

What we call “flavor” is based on five basic tastes: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and savory. These flavors — plus the sensations of heat, coolness, and texture — combine inside the mouth to provide a sense of taste. Along with taste, the smell of food is part of what makes up flavor.

When food tastes bland, you might consider adding more flavor, such as herbs, spices, or citrus. Adding more salt or sugar may not be a healthy solution, especially if you have medical problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes (high blood sugar).

If you have lost some of your sense of taste and smell, you may not eat enough nutritious foods to stay healthy. This can lead to other issues such as unintentional weight loss or gain, or malnutrition — not getting the calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, etc., that you need from food. If you have a problem with how food tastes, be sure to talk with your doctor.

What can cause a loss of taste?

Many factors can cause you to lose your sense of taste. 

• Flu and a common cold can affect how your taste buds work, but they will return to normal once you recover.
• A sudden loss of taste is a symptom that can occur with COVID-19. Most people regain their sense of taste after the other symptoms have gone away. However, if taste doesn’t return, seek medical care as soon as possible.
• If the salivary glands are damaged or aren’t producing enough saliva, this can affect taste. Your doctor can help diagnose and treat salivary gland conditions and other common causes of taste loss.
• Certain medicines, such as antibiotics; antihistamines; and those for high blood pressure, depression, and bladder-control issues, can cause dry mouth. Dry mouth alters the taste of food and can make it hard to swallow. Talk to your doctor about alternative prescriptions if you think a medicine is affecting your sense of taste. Do not stop taking your medicine without first discussing it with your doctor.
• Gum disease, an infection in your mouth, or issues with dentures can leave a bad taste in one’s mouth that changes the way food tastes. Brushing your teeth, flossing, and using mouthwash regularly can help prevent these problems. Talk to your dentist if you have an ongoing bad taste in your mouth.
• Smoking and drinking alcohol can also alter how food tastes. Cutting back or stopping may help.
• People undergoing cancer treatments might have a problem with taste; a normal sense of taste will often return once treatments stop. The NIH National Cancer Institute has a variety of tips on managing cancer treatment side effects that can affect taste and make it hard to eat.
• Brain injuries and some neurologic conditions such as dementia and Parkinson’s can also affect your sense of taste. Discuss any changes of taste with your doctor.

Colors and spices can help

If you’re having trouble smelling and tasting your food, try adding color and texture to make it more interesting. For example, try eating brightly colored vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, and tomatoes. Also, if your diet allows, flavor your food with a little olive oil, nuts, or fresh herbs like sage, thyme, or rosemary. To put some zing in your food, add mustard, hot pepper, onions, garlic, ginger, different spices, or lemon or lime juice. Choose foods that appeal to you!

An otolaryngologist: A specialist for smell and taste

If the foods you enjoy don’t smell or taste the way you think they should, talk to your doctor. They might suggest you see a specialist who treats people with smell and taste problems. This kind of doctor is called an otolaryngologist (OH-toh-LAYR-in-GOL-uh-jist), also known as an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) doctor. An otolaryngologist is an expert on problems related to the ear, nose, and throat, as well as the larynx (voice box), mouth, and parts of the neck and face. To determine the cause of your problem, the doctor may ask:

• Can you smell anything at all?
• Can you taste any food?
• When did you first notice the problem?
• Is the problem getting worse?
• Have you been told that you have allergies or chronic sinus problems?
• What medicines do you take?

There are likely ways to help solve the problem. If not, a doctor can help you cope.

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/teeth-and-mouth/how-smell-and-taste-change-you-age.

An important aspect of lowering risk of cardiovascular disease, also called coronary artery disease (CAD), is managing health behaviors and risk factors, such as diet quality, physical activity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood glucose and sleep quality. But how do you know which risk factors you have? Your health care professional may conduct or request screening tests during regular visits.

Few of us have ideal risk levels on all screening tests. However, if you do have test results that are less than ideal, it doesn’t mean you’re destined to develop a serious cardiovascular disease. On the contrary, it means you’re in a position to begin changing your health in a positive way.

Some measurements such as body weight and blood pressure are taken during routine medical appointments and cholesterol screening begins at age 20. The frequency of follow up will depend on your level of risk.

You will probably require additional and more frequent testing if you’ve been diagnosed with a cardiovascular condition such as heart failure or atrial fibrillation, or if you have a history of heart attack, stroke or other cardiovascular events. Even if you haven’t been diagnosed with a condition, your health care professional may want more stringent screening if you already have risk factors or a family history of cardiovascular disease.

Key screening tests for monitoring cardiovascular health:

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is one of the most important screenings because high blood pressure usually has no symptoms so it can’t be detected without being measured. High blood pressure greatly increases your risk of heart disease and stroke. If your blood pressure is normal with values below 120/80 mm Hg, be sure to get it checked once a year, If your blood pressure is higher, your health care professional may want to check it more often. High blood pressure can be controlled through lifestyle changes and/or medication.

Cholesterol

In adults who are 20 or older and not on lipid-lowering therapy, measurement of either a fasting or nonfasting plasma lipid profile is effective in estimating cardiovascular disease risk. This is a blood test that measures total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol and triglycerides. You may need to be tested more frequently if your health care professional determines that you’re at an increased risk for heart disease or stroke. After age 40, your health care professional will also want to use an equation to calculate your 10-year risk of experiencing cardiovascular disease or stroke.

Like high blood pressure, often cholesterol can be controlled through lifestyle changes and/or medication.

Body weight

Your health care professional may ask for your waist circumference or use your body weight to calculate your body mass index during your routine visit. These measurements may tell you and your physician whether you’re at a healthy body weight and composition. Being obese puts you at higher risk for health problems such as heart disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure and more.

Blood glucose

High blood glucose, or “blood sugar” levels, put you at greater risk of developing insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Untreated diabetes can lead to many serious medical problems including heart disease and stroke. If you’re 45 years or older or if you’re overweight AND you have at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor regardless of age, your health care professional may recommend a blood glucose test. They may also measure glycated hemoglobin A1C levels in your blood to screen for Type 2 diabetes. An A1C level of 6.5% or higher is used to define diabetes.

Smoking, physical activity, diet

If you smoke, talk to your health care professional at your next office visit about ways to help you quit. Also discuss your diet and physical activity. If there’s room for improvement in your diet and daily physical activity levels, ask your health care professional for helpful suggestions.

Recommended Screenings	How Often?
Blood pressure	Each regular health care visit or at least once per year if blood pressure is less than 120/80 mm Hg
Cholesterol (“fasting lipoprotein profile” to measure total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides)	Every 4-6 years for normal-risk adults; more often if you have elevated risk for heart disease and stroke
Weight / body mass index (BMI)	During your regular health care visit
Waist circumference	As needed to help evaluate cardiovascular risk if your BMI is greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2
Blood glucose test	At least every 3 years*
Discuss smoking, physical activity, diet	Each regular health care visit

*The American Diabetes Association recommends testing for prediabetes and risk for future diabetes for all people beginning at age 45 years. If tests are normal, it is reasonable to repeat testing at a minimum of three-year intervals.

To learn more, please visit https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease/heart-health-screenings.

When you learn that someone close to you has Alzheimer’s disease, deciding when and how to tell your family and friends may be difficult. You may be worried about how others will react to or treat your loved one. It’s okay to wait until you feel emotionally ready to share the news or to only tell your closest family members and friends. By knowing what is happening, the people you trust the most can help support you and the person with Alzheimer’s. The following suggestions can help get you started.

Sharing the diagnosis

It may be hard to share a loved one’s Alzheimer’s diagnosis with others. Here are a few suggested approaches:

• Realize that family and friends often sense that something is wrong before they are told.
• Be honest with them about the Alzheimer’s diagnosis. Explain that Alzheimer’s is a brain disease that can have wide-ranging symptoms. Memory loss is a common symptom, but it’s not the only one. Changes in behavior and communication are also common.
• Share resources to help them understand what you and the person with Alzheimer’s are experiencing.
• Give examples of ways they can help, such as visiting, providing meals, or helping with home safety modifications. Let them know you need breaks.

Helping family and friends feel comfortable

Family and friends may not know how to interact with someone who has Alzheimer’s. Share tips to help them feel more comfortable. You can:

• Tell people who visit how much your loved one can understand. For example, if the person is still in the early stage of Alzheimer’s, you might say that they can still have a conversation over dinner or play a favorite board game.
• If your loved one has difficulty remembering people, suggest that visitors start a conversation with the person by briefly introducing themselves. For example, “Hello George, I’m John. We used to work together.”
• Offer ways to make the conversation easier and more respectful, such as not correcting or arguing with the person with Alzheimer’s if they make a mistake or forget something.
• Remind visitors to be patient when the person with Alzheimer’s has trouble finding the right words or putting feelings into words.
• Suggest activities beyond talking that they can do together, including listening to music or looking through a photo album.

Helping children understand

When a family member has Alzheimer’s, it affects the whole family, including children and grandchildren. It’s important to talk to young people and help them understand what is happening. For example:

• Answer their questions simply and honestly. For example, you might tell a young child, “Grandma has an illness that makes it hard for her to remember things.”
• Tell them that feelings of sadness and anger are normal.
• Comfort them. Explain that no one caused the disease. Young children may think they did something to hurt their grandparent.

Younger children may watch how you act around your loved one with Alzheimer’s. Do not use “baby talk” or adopt a harsh tone with your loved one — children may pick up on this and act similarly. Try to be mindful of the tone of voice you’re using and the way you’re interacting with them. It’s important to show children they can still talk with the person and do things with them. Activities children and people with Alzheimer’s might do together include:

• Simple arts and crafts
• Playing music or singing
• Looking through photo albums
• Reading stories out loud

If you and your children are living in the same house as someone with Alzheimer’s, it’s important not to let the caregiving responsibilities overshadow the children’s day-to-day needs. For example:

• Avoid having a young child help take care of or “babysit” the person with Alzheimer’s. This may not be safe for the child or that person.
• Make sure the child has time for their own interests and needs, such as playing with friends, school activities, or doing homework.
• Spend quality time with your child so they don’t feel that all your attention is on the person with Alzheimer’s.
• Be honest about your feelings when you talk with kids, but don’t overwhelm them.

Some children may not talk about their feelings but may act out at school or at home. Older children and teens might be embarrassed by the behavior of the person with Alzheimer’s. Let children know they can always talk to you about what they’re feeling. School counselors and social workers also can help children develop healthy ways to process their feelings.

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers-and-relationships/helping-family-and-friends-understand-alzheimers-disease.

Don’t let falling temperatures stop you from exercising outdoors! By taking a few extra steps to stay safe, you can walk, run, ski, ice skate, and more. Even when it’s cold, you may be able to exercise outdoors. Be sure to follow these tips to stay safe in colder weather.

1. Warm up and cool down: Stretch or walk in place to prepare and restore your muscles before and after a workout.
2. Pick the right clothes: Dress in several layers of loose clothing to trap warm air between them. Wear a waterproof coat or jacket if it’s snowy or rainy, and don’t forget a hat, scarf, and gloves.
3. Be extra careful in snow and ice: Check sidewalks before using them. Wear nonskid, rubber-soled, low-heeled shoes to help prevent slipping.
4. Check the forecast: If it’s too windy, cold, icy, or wet outside, consider staying indoors and using an online workout video or your own routine.
5. Be prepared: Know the signs of hypothermia, inform others of your outdoor whereabouts, and carry a fully charged mobile phone.

To learn more, please visit https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/exercise-and-physical-activity/safety-tips-exercising-outdoors-older-adults.